Bench Scale Production of Enhanced Phenol-formaldehyde (PLGF) Adhesive: Effect of Lignin-gluten Modification
Published: 2023-02-23
Page: 77-86
Issue: 2023 - Volume 6 [Issue 1]
C. F. Okey-Onyesolu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
M. I. Ejimofor *
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
A. D. Francis
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
J. C. Obeleogu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
O. O. Aniekokwu
Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) adhesive was successfully modified using lignin from palm fruit empty bunches and gluten from wheat four. The polymerization reaction was carried out under basic medium. 90% substitution of the phenol component of the Phenol–formaldehyde adhesives was achieved. Also 80% substitution for formaldehyde was also achieved. The mixture of 10:70:20 of phenol, lignin and formaldehyde under basic medium gelled at relatively low time (131min), with viscosity 768.2mPa.s, free formaldehyde value of 0.12% and solid content of 66.83%. The gel time was found to be a function of formaldehyde-phenol ratio; however introduction of lignin also affected the gel time positively. Further modification using gluten further lowered the gel time and free formaldehyde to 95min and 0.08%. Also, there was remarkable improvement on the solid content from 66.83 to 74.32%. Hence, modification of Phenol–formaldehyde resol using lignin and gluten can improve the resol quality.
Keywords: Resol, phenol, formaldehyde, lignin, gluten