Effect of Free and Nanoparticle-Based Vitamin C and Curcumin on Renal Function, Lipid Profile, and Kidney Histology in Adenine-induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Male Wistar Rats
Ibrahim A. Musa *
Solina Centre for International Development and Research Sokoto, Nigeria.
M. H. Yeldu
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
U. Wali
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
A. Y. Abbas
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
I. U. Leje
Department of Medical Laboratory, General Hospital Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
Bello, Miftahu
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Rabia Muhammad
Department of Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem characterized by progressive loss of renal function, dyslipidemia, and structural damage to kidney tissue, increasing morbidity and mortality. Although vitamin C and curcumin possess established antioxidant and renoprotective properties, their clinical effectiveness is limited by poor bioavailability and stability. This study investigated effects of free and chitosan nanoparticle–based vitamin C and curcumin on renal function, lipid profile, and kidney histology in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease male Wistar rats. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation method. Forty rats were randomly assigned into eight groups (n = 5): control, CKD, chitosan nanoparticle control, vitamin C, curcumin, vitamin C nanoparticle, curcumin nanoparticle and vitamin C–curcumin nanoparticle. Chronic kidney disease was induced by oral administration of adenine (400 mg/kg/day) for 21 days, followed by 21 days of treatment. Renal function parameters, lipid profile indices and renal histological features were evaluated. Adenine-induced CKD resulted in marked renal dysfunction, lipid abnormalities and histological alterations. Treatment with nanoparticle-based antioxidants, particularly the vitamin C–curcumin nanoparticle, showed greater improvement compared to free antioxidants. These findings indicate that chitosan-based nanoparticle delivery enhances the therapeutic efficacy of vitamin C and curcumin in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, adenine-induced nephropathy, chitosan nanoparticles, antioxidant therapy, renal function, kidney histology.